过去完成时
1. 概念:以过去某个时间为标准,在此以前发生的动作或行为,或在过去某动作之前完成的行为,即“过去的过去”。
2. 时间状语:before, by the end of last year(term, month),etc.
3. 基本结构:had + done.
否定形式:had + not + done.
一般疑问句:had放于句首。
4. 用法
1) 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句种。
例如:She said (that)she had never been to Paris. 她告诉我她曾去过巴黎。
2) 在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中,发生在先,用过去完成时;发生在后,用一般过去时。
例如:When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 警察到达时,小偷们早就跑了。
3) 表示意向的动词,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean,
suppose等,用过去完成时表示"原本…,未能…"。
例如:We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. 那时我们希望你能来,但是你没有来。
注意: had hardly… when... 刚......就......。
例如:I had hardly opened the door when I he hit me. 我刚打开门,他就打了我。
had no sooner…than 刚…… 就……。
例如:He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it. 他刚买了这辆车,转眼又卖了。